Quantum technologies is the term used to describe a field of technology in which quantum mechanical properties and effects, in particular quantum entanglement, superposition and tunneling, are exploited to enable practical applications. The spectrum ranges from established technologies such as lasers, which have been an integral part of quantum optics for many years, to futuristic developments such as a quantum internet, which could be used to exchange information in a completely tap-proof manner. Driven by early successes in implementation and the potential for revolutionary new applications, the pace of development in this field is increasing significantly.

Quantum technologies can be broadly divided into three categories:

• Quantum computers and simulation
• Quantum communication and cryptography
• Quantum sensing and metrology

Quantum computers promise to perform certain operations much faster than conventional computers. Examples include searching large databases or factoring large numbers. The latter is particularly important for the security of current encryption methods. The practical realisation of the superiority of quantum computers over conventional computers is a development goal that is being pursued very actively and competitively by a number of players worldwide. It is currently disputed whether this has already been achieved for certain applications.

Quantum communication can be achieved, for example, by using the quantum mechanical effect of entanglement of individual photons to transmit information via optical fibres. This is a very dynamic area of research. So far, the validity of the functional principle has been demonstrated in a few pilot applications and a few prototype network components have been realised.

Quantum sensing encompasses a wide range of possibilities for using quantum effects to determine physical quantities with the highest precision, for example to measure time (important for navigation, among other things), to detect electrical signals or magnetic anomalies, or for imaging. In addition to the further development of established technologies, such as the miniaturisation of atomic clocks into portable versions, research is also being carried out into new applications, such as a quantum radar that could be used to detect the smallest objects in space.

For several years, major research programmes have been launched worldwide to promote quantum technologies, with considerable funding. Overall, quantum technologies have the potential to have a significant impact on many areas of business and life. As with other cutting-edge technologies, this is particularly true for the defence sector.

Quantum technologies could have an impact on all aspects of modern warfare. Although many of the technologies that could potentially be used for military applications are still in their infancy, experts believe that a "quantum revolution" is possible, which could lead to new military capabilities and techniques and to a significant increase in the efficiency of modern warfare, but could also have a destabilising effect on international relations.

Objective and approach

The aim is to provide an overview of the current state of research and development in quantum technologies and the expected further developments with regard to possible military applications. The aim is to assess, as far as possible from publicly available information, the state of development, technological maturity and the time horizon for application readiness of the technologies.

In addition, an overview of the international research and development landscape should be developed, including an overview of the relevant actors with regard to military or dual-use technologies.

This technology overview can serve as a starting point for assessing what new military capabilities are made possible by these technologies and what impact they could have on conceivable operational scenarios. It should also address the question of what countermeasures could be taken to protect against and minimise the associated risks.

Finally, the implications of the military use of quantum technologies for peace and security policy will be discussed. For example, a race for supremacy in certain quantum technologies that are perceived as potentially disruptive could have a destabilising effect on international relations. If necessary, the possibility of regulating and containing such risks by means of preventive arms control will be discussed.

Project progress

As part of the TA project, an expert opinion has been commissioned that will provide an overview of the current state of research and development and expected further developments with regard to possible military applications in various areas of quantum technology. 

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